2.4.1 Guianas
This region includes northern parts Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and parts of the Amazonas, Amapá, Pará, and Roraima States in Brazil.
- Acawai (6N 60W)
- Acokwa (3N 53W)
- Acuria (5N 55W)
- Amariba (2N 60W)
- Amicuana (2N 53W)
- Apalaí (Apalai), Amapá, Brazil
- Apirua (3N 53W)
- Apurui (3N 53W)
- Aracaret (4N 53W)
- Aramagoto (2N 54W)
- Aramisho (2N 54W)
- Arebato (7N 65W)
- Arekena (2N 67W)
- Arigua
- Arinagoto (4N 63W)
- Arua (1N 50W)
- Aruacay, Venezuela
- Atorai (2N 59W)
- Atroahy (1S 62W)
- Auaké, Brazil and Guyana
- Baniwa (Baniva) (3N 68W), Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela
- Baraüana (1N 65W)
- Bonari (3S 58W)
- Baré (3N 67W)
- Caberre (4N 71 W)
- Cadupinago
- Cariaya (1S 63 W)
- Carib (Kalinago), Venezuela
- Carinepagoto, Trinidad
- Chaguan, Venezuela
- Chaima, Venezuela
- Cuaga, Venezuela
- Cuacua, Venezuela
- Cumanagoto, Venezuela
- Guayano, Venezuela
- Guinau (4N 65W)
- Hixkaryána, Amazonas, Brazil
- Inao (4N 65W)
- Ingarikó, Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela
- Jaoi (Yao), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela
- Kali'na, Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela
- Lokono (Arawak, Locono), Guyana, Trinidad, Venezuela
- Macapa (2N 59W)
- Macushi, Brazil and Guyana
- Maipure (4N 67W)
- Maopityan (2N 59W)
- Mapoyo (Mapoye), Venezuela
- Marawan (3N 52W)
- Mariusa, Venezuela
- Marourioux (3N 53W)
- Nepuyo (Nepoye), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela
- Orealla, Guyana
- Palengue, Venezuela
- Palikur, Brazil, French Guiana
- Parauana (2N 63W)
- Parauien (3S 60W)
- Pareco, Venezuela
- Paria, Venezuela
- Patamona, Roraima, Brazil
- Pauishana (2N 62W)
- Pemon (Arecuna), Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela
- Piapoco (3N 70W)
- Piaroa, Venezuela
- Pino (3N 54W)
- Piritú, Venezuela
- Purui (2N 52W)
- Saliba (Sáliva), Venezuela
- Shebayo, Trinidad
- Tagare, Venezuela
- Tamanaco, Venezuela
- Tarumá (3S 60W)
- Tibitibi, Venezuela
- Tiriyó (Tarëno), Brazil, Suriname
- Tocoyen (3N 53W)
- Tumuza, Venezuela
- Wai-Wai, Amazonas, Brazil and Guyana
- Wapishana, Brazil and Guyana
- Warao (Warrau), Guyana and Venezuela
- Wayana (Oyana), Pará, Brazil
- Yanomami, Venezuela and Amazonas, Brazil
2.4.2 Eastern Brazil
This region includes the Ceará, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, and Santa Catarina states of Brazil.
- Apinajé (Apinaye Caroyo), Rio Araguiaia
- Apurinã
- Arara, Pará
- Bororo (Borôro), Mato Grosso
- Botocudo (Lakiãnõ)
- Carijo Guarani
- East Brazilian Tradition (Precolumbian culture)
- Guató, Mato Grosso
- Kadiwéu (Guaicuru)
- Karajá (Iny), Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, and Tocantins
- Kaxixó
- Kayapo (Mebêngôkre), Mato Grosso and Pará
- Laklãnõ, Santa Catarina
- Mehim (Krahô, Crahao), Rio Tocantins
- Ofayé
- Parakatêjê (Gavião), Pará
- Pataxó
- Potiguara (Pitigoares), Ceará
- Tabajara
- Tupiniquim
- Umutina (Barbados)
- Xakriabá
- Xavante, Mato Grosso
- Xerente, Goiás
- Xucuru
2.4.3 Andes
- Andean Hunting-Collecting Tradition, Argentina, 11,000-4,000 AD
- Aymara, Bolivia, Chile, Peru
- Cañari, Ecuador
- Capulí culture, Ecuador, 800-1500 AD
- Cerro Narrio (Chaullabamba) (Precolumbian culture)
- Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
- Chachilla (Cayapas)
- Chanka (Chanca), Peru
- Chavín, northern Peru, 900-200 BC
- Chincha people, Peru (Precolumbian culture)
- Chuquibamba culture (Precolumbian culture)
- Conchucos
- Diaguita
o Amaicha, Argentina
o Calchaquí, Argentina
o Chicoana, Salta, Argentina
o Quilmes (Precolumbian culture), Argentina
- Guangaia (Precolumbian culture)
- Ichuña microlithic tradition (Precolumbian culture)
- Inca Empire (Inka), based in Peru
- Jama-Coaque (Precolumbian culture)
- Killke culture, Peru, 900-1200 AD
- Kogi
- Kolla (Colla), Argentina, Bolivia, Chile
- La Tolita (Precolumbian culture)
- Las Vegas culture, coastal Ecuador, 8000 BC-4600 BC
- Lauricocha culture, Peru, 8000-2500 BC
- Lima culture, Peru, 100-650 AD
- Maina, Ecuador, Peru
- Manteño-Huancavilca (Precolumbian culture)
- Milagro (Precolumbian culture)
- Mollo culture, Bolivia, 1000-1500 AD
- Muisca, Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture)
- Pachacama (Precolumbian culture)
- Panzaleo (Precolumbian culture)
- Pasto
- Pijao, Colombia
- Quechua (Kichua, Kichwa)
o Chankas
o Wankas (Huancas)
- Quitu culture, 2000 BC-1550 AD
- Salinar (Precolumbian culture)
- Saraguro
- Tiwanaku culture (Tiahuanaco), 400-1000 AD, Bolivia
- Tsáchila (Colorado), Ecuador
- Tuza-Piartal (Precolumbian culture)
- Uru, Bolivia, Peru
o Uru-Murato, Bolivia
- Wari culture, central coast and highlands of Peru, 500-1000 AD
o Pocra culture, Ayacucho Province, Peru, 500-1000 AD
2.4.4 Pacific lowlands
- Amotape complex, northern coastal Peru, 9,000-7,1000 BC
- Atacameño (Atacama, Likan Antaí), Chile
- Awá, Colombia and Ecuador
- Bara, Colombia
- Cara culture, coastal Ecuador, 500 BC-1550 AD
- Bahía, Ecuador, 500 BC-500 AD
- Casma culture, coastal Peru, 1000-1400 AD
- Chancay, central coastal Peru, 1000-1450 AD
- Chango, coastal Peru, northern Chile
- Chimú, north coastal Peru, 1000-1450 AD
- Cupisnique (Precolumbian culture), 1000-200 BC, coastal Peru
- Lambayeque (Sican culture), north coastal Peru, 750-1375 AD
- Machalilla culture, coastal Ecuador, 1500-1100 BC
- Manteño civilization, western Ecuador, 850-1600 AD
- Moche (Mochica), north coastal Peru, 1-750 AD
- Nazca culture (Nasca), south coastal Peru, 1-700 AD
- Norte Chico civilization (Precolumbian culture), coastal Peru
- Paiján culture, northern coastal Peru, 8,700-5,900 BC
- Paracas, south coastal Peru, 600-175 BC
- Recuay culture, Peru (Precolumbian culture)
- Tallán (Precolumbian culture), north coastal Peru
- Valdivia culture, Ecuador, 3500-1800 BC
- Virú culture, Piura Region, Peru, 200 BC-300 AD
- Wari culture (Huari culture), Peru, 500-1000 AD
- Yukpa (Yuko), Colombia
- Yurutí, Colombia
- Zenú, Colombia, 200 BC-1600 AD
2.4.5 Amazon
2.4.5.1 Northwestern Amazon
This region includes Amazonas in Brazil; the Amazonas and Putumayo Departments in Colombia; Cotopaxi, Los Rios, Morona-Santiago, Napo, and Pastaza Provinces and the Oriente Region in Ecuador; and the Loreto Region in Peru.
- Arabela, Loreto Region, Peru
- Arapaso (Arapaco), Amazonas, Brazil
- Baniwa
- Barbudo, Loreto Region, Peru
- Bora, Loreto Region, Peru
- Candoshi-Shapra (Chapras), Loreto Region, Peru
- Carútana (Arara), Amazonas, Brazil
- Chayahuita (Chaywita) Loreto Region, Peru
- Cocama, Loreto Region, Peru
- Cofán (Cofan), Putumayo Department, Colombia and Ecuador
- Cubeo (Kobeua), Amazonas, Brazil and Colombia
- Dâw, Rio Negro, Brazil
- Flecheiro
- Huaorani (Waorani, Waodani, Waos), Ecuador
- Hupda, Brazil, Colombia
- Jibito, Loreto Region, Peru
- Jivaroan peoples, Ecuador and Peru
o Achuar, Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto
Region, Peru
o Aguaruna (Aguarana), Ecuador, Peru
o Huambisa, Peru
o Shuar, Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto Region,
Peru
- Kachá (Shimaco), Loreto Region, Peru
- Kamsá (Sebondoy), Putumayo Department, Colombia
- Kanamarí, Amazonas, Brazil
- Kichua (Quichua)
o Canelo Kichua (Canelos-Quichua), Pataza Province, Ecuador
o Quijos-Quichua (Napo-Quichua), Ecuador and Peru
o Sarayacu Kichua, Pastaza Province, Ecuador
- Korubu, Amazonas, Brazil
- Kugapakori-Nahua
- Macaguaje (Majaguaje), Río Caquetá, Colombia
- Machiguenga, Peru
- Makuna (Buhagana), Colombia
- Marubo
- Matsés (Mayoruna, Maxuruna), Brazil and Peru
- Miriti, Amazonas Department, Colombia
- Murato, Loreto Region, Peru
- Mura, Amazonas, Brazil
o Pirahã (Mura-pirarrã), Amazonas, Brazil
- Ocaina, Loreto Region, Peru
- Omagua (Cambeba, Kambeba, Umana), Amazonas, Brazil
- Orejón (Orejon), Napo Province, Ec
- Panoan, western Brazil, Bolivia, Peru
- Sharpas
- Siona (Sioni), Amazonas Department, Colombia
- Siusi, Amazonas, Brazil
- Tariano (Tariana), Amazonas, Brazil
- Tsohom Djapá
- Tukano (Tucano), Brazil
o Barasana (Pareroa, Taiwano), Amazonas, Brazil and Vaupés, Colombia
o Eastern Tukanoan (Tucanoan)
o Macuna, Amazonas, Brazil and Vaupés, Colombia
- Waikino (Vaikino), Amazonas, Brazil
- Waimiri-Atroari (Kinja, Uaimiri-Atroari), Amazonas and Roraima, Brazil
- Wanano (Unana, Vanana), Amazonas, Brazil
- Witoto
o Murui Witoto, Loreto Region, Peru
- Yagua (Yahua), Loreta Region, Peru
- Yaminahua
- Yora
- Záparo (Zaparo), Pastaza Province, Ecuador
2.4.5.2 Eastern Amazon
This region includes Amazonas, Maranhão, and parts of Pará States in Brazil.
- Amanayé, Brazil
- Awá (Guajá), Brazil
- Chuncho, Peru
- Ge
o Bororo
- Guajajára, Maranhão, Brazil
- Ka'apor, Maranhão, Brazil
- Kuruaya, Pará, Brazil
- Marajoara (Precolumbian culture)
- Panará, Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil
- Parakanã
- Suruí, Pará, Brazil
- Tembé
- Tupian
o Guarani, Paraguay
- Turiwára
- Wayampi
- Zo'é people, Pará, Brazil
2.4.5.3 Southern Amazon
This region includes southern Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, parts of Pará, and Rondônia) and Eastern Bolivia (Beni Department).
- Assuriní do Toncantins (Tocantin)
- Aweti (Aueto), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Bakairí (Bakairi)
- Chácobo (Chacobo)
- Chiquitano (Chiquito)
- Cinta Larga, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Enawene Nawe, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Gavião of Rondônia
- Guarayu
- Ikpeng (Xicao), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Irántxe (Iranche)
- Juma (Kagwahiva), Rondônia, Brazil
- Jurúna (Yaruna, Juruna, Yudjá), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Kaiabi (Caiabi, Cajabi, Kajabi, Kayabi), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Kalapálo (Kalapalo), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Kamayurá (Camayura), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Kanoê (Kapixaná), Rondônia, Brazil
- Karipuná (Caripuna)
- Karitiâna (Caritiana), Brazil
- Kayapo, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Kuikuro, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Matipu, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Mehináku (Mehinacu, Mehinako), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Moxo (Mojo), Bolivia
- Nahukuá (Nahuqua), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Nambikuára (Nambicuara, Nambikwara), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Pacahuara (Pacaguara)
- Pacajá (Pacaja)
- Panará, Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil
- Parecís (Paressi)
- Rikbaktsa (Erikbaksa)
- Rio Pardo people, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Sateré-Mawé (Maue, Brazil
- Suyá (Kisedje), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Tacana
- Tapajó (Tapajo)
- Tapirapé (Tapirape)
- Tenharim
- Terena, Mato Gross and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Trumai, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Tsimané (Pano)
- Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, Rondônia, Brazil
- Wari' (Pacanawa, Waricaca'), Rondônia, Brazil
- Wauja (Waurá, Waura), Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Wuy jugu (Mundurucu, Munduruku)
- Yawalapiti (Iaualapiti), Mato Grosso, Brazil
2.4.5.4 Southwestern Amazon
This region includes the Cuzco, Huánuco Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, and Ucayali Regions of eastern Peru, parts of Acre, Amazonas, and Rondônia, Brazil, and parts of the La Paz and Beni Departments of Bolivia.
- Aguano (Uguano), Peru
- Aikanã, Rondônia, Brazil
- Akuntsu, Rondônia, Brazil
- Amahuaca, Brazil, Peru
- Amarakaeri
- Asháninka (Campa, Chuncha), Acre, Brazil and Junín, Pasco,
Huánuco, and Ucayali, Peru
o Yanesha (Amuesha), Peru
- Banawá (Jafí, Kitiya), Amazonas, Brazil
- Cashibo (Carapache), Huánuco Region, Peru
- Conibo (Shipibo-Conibo), Peru and Amazonas, Brazil
- Ese Ejja (Chama), Beni Department, Bolivia
- Harakmbut, Madre de Dios, Peru
- Hi-Merimã, Himarimã, Amazonas, Brazil
- Iyene
- Jamamadi, Acre and Amazonas, Brazil
- Kareneri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru
- Kulina (Culina)
- Kwaza (Coaiá, Koaiá), Rondônia, Brazil
- Latundê, Rondônia, Brazil
- Matís (Matis), Brazil
- Mayoruna (Maxuruna)
- Parintintin (Kagwahiva'nga, Kagwahiva), Brazil
- Piro, Cuzco Region, Peru
- Pukirieri (Puquiri)
- Shipibo, Loreto Region, Peru
- Ticuna (Tucuna)
- Toromona, La Paz Department, Bolivia
- Yanesha (Amuesha), Cusco Region, Peru
- Yawanawa (Jaminawá, Marinawá, Xixinawá), Acre, Brazil;
Madre de Dios, Peru; and Bolivia